Meaning
Open vector format files describe the physical layouts of each layer in a printed circuit board assembly. The Gerber files convey precise geometric data for copper tracks, solder mask openings, silkscreen markings and drilling patterns. These documents represent the primary interface between the electronic design software and the fabrication machinery.
Each layer of the board requires a separate file to describe its features. The standardized format allows any fabrication house to interpret the layout without needing the proprietary source files from the CAD software.
Layer Specification
Pad locations, trace paths and ground planes are compiled into individual sheets that use coordinate grids to position every feature. When exporting Gerber files, the layout engineer must include the board outline and fabrication notes. This ensures correct alignment between the top and bottom layers.
Manufacturing Output
Automated photolithography and drilling machines read these coordinate streams to apply masks and mill holes into the raw copper-clad laminate. This process allows the fabrication facility to produce the physical board exactly as designed in the computer-aided environment.
Fabrication Inspection
Quality control engineers use automated optical inspection to compare the finished copper patterns with the geometry defined in the original files. If deviations exceed the specified tolerances, the batch is rejected to prevent circuit failures.